, 46, has reigned over Romania since 1930 and in 1938 established a royal dictatorship, suppressing the parties and governing through the National Renaissance Front. His diplomacy rested on the Franco-British guarantee offered in spring 1939. The collapse of France in June 1940 shatters this safety net: Bucharest finds itself alone before its neighbours.
Romania has held Bessarabia (between the Prut and the Dniester) since 1918, at Russia's expense; a secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact recognised Moscow's 'interest' in this province. On the evening of 26 June 1940, barely after the Baltic states have been annexed, Commissar summons the Romanian minister in Moscow and demands Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. When Bucharest proposes negotiations, Molotov replies that the choice is 'territorial concessions or war'.
The masses its divisions on the Dniester. When consulted, Germany — which depends on Romanian oil and grain — advises giving way. The Crown Council meets in emergency session. must respond within hours.
Carol II, King of Romania, 27 June 1940: how to answer the Soviet ultimatum over Bessarabia?
accepts the ultimatum and evacuates the demanded provinces. After 2 meetings of the Crown Council and in the absence of any outside support, he accepts the second Soviet ultimatum and orders evacuation. From 28 June 1940, the occupies Bessarabia and northern Bukovina — some 50,000 sq km and nearly 3.8 million inhabitants — amid haste and disorder. The capitulation without a fight ruins the king's prestige: the summer of 1940 sees Romania dismembered, forced also to cede northern Transylvania to Hungary and southern Dobruja to Bulgaria. Discredited, abdicates on 6 September 1940 in favour of his son Michael and goes into exile, leaving real power to General and the Iron Guard. Romania will swing into the Axis camp and take part, in 1941, in the reconquest of Bessarabia alongside Germany.
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